Psychological Aspects Of Sexually Abused Women And The...

Introduction The topic of this article will focus on psychological aspects of sexually abused women and the trauma recovery and empowerment. Sexual abuse can be well defined as sexual assaults and sexual exploitation of the individual, which include the following: Rape, Incest, Molestation and Voyeurism. An assortment of 15 empirical studies will compare and contrast their findings of psychological sexual abuse and trauma recovery. Individuals that are victims of sexual abuse can undergo many issues for the victim to inflict upon. Despite the fact that sexual abuse does mark males, women are at a higher rate to be sexually abused. In fact, one out of three females is a victim of sexual abuse (SA) or sexual violence (SV). 13% of women and 6% of men have reported they experienced sexual cohesion in their lifetime (Sexual Violence, 2014). Sexual abuse not merely leaves a victim with lengthily problems but also a lifetime of psychological difficulties when treatment is not sought after. Research furt her suggests that certain characteristics of the abusive experience father-daughter incest, physical force and level of sexual activity tend to be associated with a more negative long-term outcome in women (Coffey, 1996). Sexual abuse may stint from early childhood that has continued to surface in adulthood or a specific incident that occurred in adulthood. Either way the psychological aspect of abuse can be a vast amount of emotional and mental disorders. For example, theShow MoreRelatedFamily Violence : A Social And Public Health Issue Essay2311 Words   |  10 Pagesthat accept violent behaviour without consequences to the perpetrators (World Health Organisation, 2016). Domestic violence is a widely prevalent problem in Australia which affects one in five Victorian women and one in fifteen Victorian men (Department of Health Human Services, 2015). For women, it is the leading contributor to preventable death, disability and illness and is responsible for more injuries than motor vehicle accidents and other assaults combined (Joseph et al., 2015, p. 1178). DomesticRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Legal Regime For The Better Future Of Children Essay6622 Words   |  27 Pagesof a nation. Children are not only the future of any nation but also strength in reserve. If they are healthy and active, educated and informed, disciplined and trained, the future of a nation is well insured, and if they are wanting in the above aspects the future of a nation is doomed to disaster. So it is prime responsibility of the government and society to provide the safe and secure environment to our future upbringing. The research question is whether all the nations and i nternational organizationRead MoreEpekto Ng Polusyon19213 Words   |  77 PagesDomestic violence: Moving On A Qualitative Investigation Exploring How women Move On From Violent Relationships Researcher: Carole Le Darcy Supervisor: Dr Sue Becker Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincerest thanks and gratitude to all of the exceptionally strong women that participated in this research that have freely given not only some of their precious and valuable time but have also revealed that which is sadly all too often concealed; the remarkable, courageous and oftenRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesCommunist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial Characteristics 90 An Exercise for Identifying Aspects of Personal Culture: A Learning Plan and Autobiography 92 SKILL APPLICATION 95 Activities for Developing Self-Awareness 95 Suggested Assignments 95 Application Plan and Evaluation 95 SCORING KEYS AND COMPARISON DATA 97 Self-Awareness Assessment 97Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOverview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcome s 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost in Translation? 31 Questions for Review 32 Experiential Exercise Workforce Diversity 32 Ethical DilemmaRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesHartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael

Population Biology Basics

Populations are groups of individuals belonging to the same species that live in the same region at the same time. Populations, like individual organisms, have unique attributes such as growth rate, age structure, sex ratio, and mortality rate Populations change over time due to births, deaths, and the dispersal of individuals between separate populations. When resources are plentiful and environmental conditions appropriate, populations can increase rapidly. A populations ability to increase at its maximum rate under optimal conditions is called its biotic potential. Biotic potential is represented by the letter r when used in mathematical equations. Keeping the Population in Check In most instances, resources are not unlimited and environmental conditions are not optimal. Climate, food, habitat, water availability, and other factors keep population growth in check due to environmental resistance. The environment can only support a limited number of individuals in a population before some resource runs out or limits the survival of those individuals. The number of individuals that a particular habitat or environment can support is referred to as the carrying capacity. Carrying capacity is represented by the letter K when used in mathematical equations. Growth Characteristics Populations can sometimes be categorized by their growth characteristics. Species whose populations increase until they reach the carrying capacity of their environment and then level off are referred to as K-selected species. Species whose populations increase rapidly, often exponentially, quickly filling available environments, are referred to as r-selected species. Characteristics of K-selected species include: Late maturationFewer, larger youngLonger life spansMore parental careIntense competition for resources Characteristics of r-selected species include: Early maturationNumerous, smaller youngShorter lifespansLess parental careA little competition for resources Population Density Some environmental and biological factors can influence a population differently depending on its density. If population density is high, such factors become increasingly limiting on the success of the population. For example, if individuals are cramped in a small area, the disease may spread faster than it would if population density were low. Factors that are affected by population density are referred to as density-dependent factors. There are also density-independent factors which affect populations regardless of their density. Examples of density-independent factors might include a change in temperature such as an extraordinarily cold or dry winter. Intra-Specific Competition Another limiting factor on populations is intra-specific competition which occurs when individuals within a population compete with one another to obtain the same resources. Sometimes intra-specific competition is direct, for example when two individuals vie for the same food, or indirect, when one individuals action alters and possibly harms the environment of another individual. Populations of animals interact with each other and their environment in a variety of ways. One of the primary interactions a population has with its environment and other populations is due to feeding behavior. Types of Herbivores The consumption of plants as a food source is referred to as herbivory and the animals that do this consuming are called herbivores. There are different types of herbivores. Those that feed on grasses are referred to as grazers. Animals that eat leaves and other portions of woody plants are called browsers, while those that consume fruits, seeds, sap, and pollen are called frugivores. Predators and Prey Populations of carnivorous animals that feed on other organisms are called predators. The populations on which predators feed are called prey. Often, predator and prey populations cycle in a complex interaction. When prey resources are abundant, predator numbers increase until the prey resources wane. When prey numbers drop, predator numbers dwindle as well. If the environment provides adequate refuge and resources for prey, their numbers may again increase and the cycle begins again. Competing Species The concept of competitive exclusion suggests that two species that require identical resources cannot coexist in the same location. The reasoning behind this concept is that one of those two species will be better adapted to that environment and be more successful, to the point of excluding the lesser species from the environment. Yet we find that many species with similar requirements do coexist. Because the environment is varied, competing species can use resources in different ways when competition is intense, thus allowing space for one another. When two interacting species, for example, predator and prey, evolve together, they can influence the evolution of the other. This is referred to as coevolution. Sometimes coevolution results in two species that influence (both positively or negatively) from each other, in a relationship referred to as symbiosis. The various types of symbiosis include: Parasitism: One species (parasite) benefits more than the other species (host).Commensalism: One species benefits while a second species is neither helped nor injured.Mutualism: Both species benefit from the interaction.

Art History Analysis Paper - 1670 Words

This paper is a formal analysis of the Marble grave stele with a family group relief sculpture. It is a pentelic marble style relief standing at 171.1cm tall carved by a master. It is from the Late Classical period of Greek, Attic which was completed around ca.360 B.C. . I chose to analyze this piece as apposed to the others because I’m mainly attracted to art and sculptures from the Greek era. The overall color used in this relief is ivory with a few cracks and pieces broken off. There is some discoloration which causes the color to come off as slightly light brown for most of the relief. The sculpture appears larger compared to the other sculptures in the art room. It represents a family which includes a man, his wife, and their†¦show more content†¦His attire is just a robe draped around his waist, over his lap and covering his legs all the way down to his feet. You can see that the excess material of the robe around his waist was intended for his whole bod y because of the multiple layers draped over his lap. There are no details of his toes or feet because of the missing piece of the relief but you’re able to see just the back of his foot. His inch long hair and full facial beard look extremely wavy and curly. The fact that his facial hair is present and thick on his face makes me assume that he is possibly in his forties although many men back in that time didn’t live that long. He is sitting with ease and his face seems calm all the while staring blankly ahead. Looking at his face straight on, there seems to be no emotion in his eyes. My eyes are then shifted towards the woman on the right side of the relief. The woman seems to be his wife and is shown standing extremely close to him. Since the chair is backless, I think her standing so close behind him depicts her unity with him. It seems as though she is his support and is there to follow him. She is right up against his back with her right hand up by he r chest and his head. The wife and child’s attire displays a robe draped over the entire body leaving only her arms exposed although the wife has sleeves draping all the way down behind her forearm. The robe drapes over the wife’s head like a shawl or veil covering the back half of herShow MoreRelatedWriting Assignments : My Writing Assignment856 Words   |  4 Pagesthe writing assignments that I completed during the course of the semester, I feel that I have gained a large amount of knowledge in a variety of different works. The Literary Response papers helped me gain insight on the culture and beliefs during the period that we were studying; and the Homework assignment papers allowed me to further research and analyze works so that I have more of an in depth knowledge about the pieces. Learning about the different cultures, has in a sense affected my viewsRead MoreAnalysis of Various Photographs1072 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper provides an analysis of various photographs based on their categories, effectiveness, and historical movements. The three concepts of analysis are important when examining photographs, as they provide a strong basis for evaluation. The analytical process begins with category placements and end with contextual and historical movement evaluations as one considers the application of time, space, and the intended message of the six photographs. Photography goes beyond the automatic recordingsRead MoreMy Life At The Museum823 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Metropolitan Museum of Art. The children tour the galleries, bathe in mosaic fountains, sleep in Louis XIII’s bed, and obsess over the marble sculptures of classical antiquity and the Italian Renaissance. The renowned museum becomes, in this story, the stomping ground of adventurous, dreaming children. I was ten when I decided I wanted to spend the rest of my life like the Kincaids, traipsing around gallery after gallery, surrounded by history, culture, and fine a rt. As a child, my schoolteacherRead MoreThe History of Graphic Design Essay1085 Words   |  5 PagesHistory of Graphic Design Thesis Graphic design is an art that has undergone a lot of revolution in terms of both the historical context and the relevance and significance of art in various aspects of life. Graphic design has one of the longest histories, dating back to prehistoric and medieval era to the modern era of the modernists. It is therefore easy to conclude that graphic design is as old as humanity. many graphic designers have foreseen the this revolution , including legendary graphicRead MoreLA County Museum of Art Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesThe Los Angeles County Museum of Art, is among the world’s largest art collections, and to be specific enough the most prevalent artwork in the western United States (Compton 165). This massive art museum has a collection of over a hundred thousand artworks, whose origin extends from the prehistoric times to present days (Gilbert and Mills 174). These collections are classified into several departments within the museums buildings, depending on their regio n of origin, culture they represent, andRead MoreArts Integration Essay1018 Words   |  5 Pageswere presented in the previous section on implementing arts integration into the classroom, this paper will recommend the solution to be, hiring an art teacher. As stated before, hiring additional teachers, for most student tends to be very helpful. It can relieve stress and any additional preparation that comes with integrating the arts. This recommendation could help teachers divide their work with the hired art teacher. Limitations of Analysis There are two significant limitations within the researchRead MoreLA County Museum of Art Essay example1258 Words   |  6 PagesLA County Museum of Art (LACMA) The Los Angeles County Museum of Art, or LACMA as it is commonly known, is among the world’s largest art collections in North America, and to be specific enough the most prevalent artwork in the western United States (Compton 165). This massive art museum has a collection of over 100,000 artworks, which extends from the ancient times to present days (Gilbert and Mills 174). These collections, which are mainly from Asia, Africa, Europe, Latin-America and America itselfRead MoreComparing The Statue Of Gudea802 Words   |  4 Pagesfull of so many grandiose monuments, eye-catching sculptures, and stunning statues, each having an individual story to tell. Thousands of them have been created however, only a small number of them are actually extraordinary and picture-worthy. This paper will compare and contrast two of those picture-worthy sculptures. Furthermore, I will examine the aspects of each of these sculptures. I will compare and contrast what each of them represents, the d ifferences in texture, their size and their tone.Read MoreThe Layers And Cycles Of Writing. Like The Layers On An1487 Words   |  6 Pageslayers on an oil painting, the more layers and revisions in a piece of writing, the more a piece glows from within. Similarly, the more pieces that I wrote during this semester, the more effortless it became to create each new layer. With lengthier papers due in shorter time frames, English 1102 forced me into a more efficient method of writing that still maintained its quality: the method of drafting. Though it meant binding myself into a long term commitment, using drafts solidified my writing processRead MoreBuddhist Art, Law, And Manuscript Culture905 Words   |  4 PagesBuddhist Art, Law, and Manuscript Culture in Dunhuang The Dunhuang cave temples have preserved evidences of the intense religious, cultural, and artistic exchanges between the western regions and central China from the fourth to the fourteenth century. The discovery of manuscripts and paintings there in the early twentieth century has forced scholars to reconsider the history of Buddhism s development in China. This panel brings together art historians and scholars working with manuscripts to

Development Management Capability Teams and Groups

Question: Discuss about theDevelopment Management Capability for Teams and Groups. Answer: Introduction In this study, we will learn the importance of teams and groups for an organization. This study concentrates on the formation of teams and groups, purpose of the formation, and the experiences shared by them. As per the present study there are certain differences in teams and groups. These differences are due to the communication flow, the applicability of management theories, working of teams and groups, structure of them, interaction, etc. The major difference between teams and groups is that the members of teams work to attain a particular goal. While the groups are formed to attain different goals of the organization as per decided by the managers. All the members have various goals related to them. The motive of this report is to know about the teams and their groups. It can be done through development of key abilities in management of people of team and groups. It helps to generate the application and theories of teams. There are three tools that can help to diagnose this that are Johari windows; Thomas Kilmann conflict questionnaire and ESCI are used to give insight of preferences and current abilities. The result from the test is tested so that comparison can make on it. It helps to identify the weakness and strengths so that abilities can be judged. We can use such learning from the diagnostic tools and literature review. Plans are made to developed and improve the skills. The organizations can develop a realistic plan for the activities with the use of literature review and the tools of diagnose. Literature Review: Teams and Groups The topic that is selected by me is teams and groups. The analysis of such literature shows that the two concepts of team and groups are different in nature and have different meaning too. It is very essential to understand the differences between the teams and groups so that an appropriate capabilities to manage the people of team members. It is an easy process by which the effectively can be generated through teams and groups. Through collaboration of all the members of the teams and the groups, the effective amount of outcome is generated. The significant nature of teams and groups are that they have diffident skills, quality and features that distinct them from others. This differentiation helps to bring efficiency in the work. The special feature of this is that there is interconnectedness in the groups and the teams. It is noticed that there is a high amount of connectivity in the teams. This happens because they all have some common goals and objectives that can be accomplished only when there is integrity between them. The teams acquire some common purpose and goals and collectively they have to reach at a similar point. Contrary to this, the groups are different as their set goals are different. According to Giffin, Gully and Philips, the management of team can not need any type of particular skills and talent as it can also be achieved through setting of effective goals. In teams and groups the work of each employee I decided by the managers in advance and the motive of this is to attain the final goals. The main work of manager is to look after the work of each member and encourage them to work in a better way. Belbil said that the teams posses a great amount of coordination within them as the members are motivated to achieve common goals. So the interaction and communication between them is also much effective then groups. Each and every member has knowledge about others as they have to discuss things and information between them. If we observe, the people of teams are quite frank and friendly to each other but the groups are generally formal in nature as they have varied goals so the communication between them is not very effective. Theories and Models that helps to Explain the Importance of Teams and Groups- In the literature, we can see that there are many theories and models that can help an organization to manage and develop the performance of teams and groups. We can observe that the Tuckman team work theory is one of the effective theories of all. It gives us four steps to develop the tem in an organization. There are four stages given by Tuckman that are forming, storming, Norming and performing. The development of teams and groups is done by the managers of the company. Application of models of conflicts management gives a plat form to the managers to settle them and to make them to perform. In this way, the performance of the organization can be improved and changed. The most relevant part of team management is positive behavior of the members (Armstrong, 2006). There is one more model that can help the managers in formation of team that is mutual aid model. This can help in the performance of management by the employees. The mutual aid model is a model in which the alliance of the members who require talent and knowledge of other members are very important for the teams and groups. It is important because in groups there are diversity of people and their skills and talent is also different (Brounstein, 2016). The Application of the Three Diagnostic Tools- Johari Window- It is one of the relevant tools that have been used in the management of teams and models. This tool provides a better understanding of relations of the members of the teams and groups. This specific tool of Johari window tells about the relations with others and in the respect of teams and groups and there certain major connections with the people and the managers (Jehn, K A, Rispens, S and Thatcher, S M 2012). It also explains about the opportunity that managers have in the maintenance of team and groups members. Such strategies are applied to have specific management of groups and teams by applying the Johari window model into their organization. I can easily say that I am aware about the arena and open area well. I am well known about my own strengths, weakness and capabilities. I can collect feedbacks form related to it and further use them so that I can improve my qualities. I have strength that I can do an effective management in teams and groups. It also defines that relations play a very important role is establishment of teams and groups. If there are effective connection between the members of groups and teams then they would work in a unity. It is a simple way to increase the efficiency of the workforce (Griffin, R W, Phillips, J M and Gully, S M 2016). Thomas Kilmann Conflict Questionnaire This tool is used to manage the conflict n the organization. It also used to see whether there is overuse or underuse of thee models of conflict handling like collaborating, compromising, avoiding, competing and accommodating. It helps managers to handle the process of conflict in an effective manner. The application of this model helps to manage teams and groups in a better way. I may consider myself as a cooperative and assertive person who tends to search solution for the problems. It is said that the better understanding and application of this tools gives an advantage to the companies to make wise and healthy decision regarding conflicts in the teams. So, organizations have to understand the requirement of this model as its aim is only to manage conflict of the same (Levi, D. 2011). Thomas Kilmann instrumental tool is very relevant as it helps an organization to manage the stress of work load of the employees. It also enhances the communication and interaction of the workforce by proving its models and tools of effective communication. The most relevant task done by TKI is that is assist organization in the development of leadership within the employees. Leaders are vital as they establish teams and groups in the company and motivate them to achieve the objective of the company. As we now that conflicts are the part of every organisation so it also provides many negotiation tools and training to do the process of negotiation. Ultimately, the applicability of all the above discussed points results in improvement of performance of not only the employees but also the overall organization. These all instruments are hence effective as well as efficient in nature (Neely, A. 2002). ESCI This tool is also relevant in management of teams and groups. It helps to find a reasonable difference between an effective leader and in an ineffective leader so that only effective leader can ensure the leadership for the teams and groups. It provides compete advantage for the organization. It also gives an opportunity to manage the performance of the employees. The application of ESCI helps to take initiatives, measurement of intelligence, spreading awareness, collection of feedbacks, etc. (Coghlan, D 1994) This tool helps the managers to have optimum utilization of scarce resources of organization. Identification of effective leaders leads to increase the possibility of performance of the employees and the entire groups in the best manner that will ultimately results in success of the organization. It allows the companies to takes effective measure like increase in the performance of teams, innovative ideas, etc. A leader not only manages the teams and groups but also help the organization in the achievement of companys goals. The leaders act as a mediator between the employees and the organization. He tries to motivates, encourage, control, etc. (Trippe, B, Baumoel, D 2015) Plan for Improving Knowledge and Skills over 6 Month Period- In the major areas of any organization, there is need to pay attention in the management of teams and groups. There is a requirement to focus on key areas like management of teams, involvement of each member of group, accomplishment of goals, etc. the initiative must be taken by small stages and then carry forward them to further stages. At the initial point there is needed to identify the opportunities, and take them to best level (Carpenter, Bauer, Erdogan, 2016). In the initial 6 month, the opportunities just be identified and applied. The application of models is also important to have an effective management. After application, an analysis of all the theories and models must be done to track the growth. It provides a good amount of knowledge of the applicability of models in an organization (West, R and Turner, LH, 2008). Form the point of view of Thomas Kilmann model, is very efficient in nature as it helps to enhance the performance of management of conflicts. When we talk about groups and teams, the level of conflicts is very high. It leads to increase in the effectiveness and efficiency of the managers to manage conflict management. There is a need to conduct an activity that will allow me to fillup the questionnaire. This process will help in effective management of conflicts situation. It can be initiate through apply such practices in small groups and face the practical and real situations. The prominency of performance can be managed through applicability of ESCI in the organization. Apart from all this, there is a requirement to conduct an analysis that advice me how an organisation can develop relationship between the employees internal or externally. It is not an easy concept as it is very crucial in nature. In the next 6 months, I have decided to conduct certain activities that will enhanc e my all the managing tactics and bring efficiency in the work (Belbin, 2011). Conclusion Through this study, we can learn that there is a difference between teams and groups and it is also relevant for the organizations to identify these differences to have better management of people. From the above study, we learnt that the groups do not have any common goals and the teams have a common goal. The teams work for the achievement of a common goal set by the managers for them. There is a need to have focused approach of the managers to build a team that is effective in nature. It helps to contradict between the groups and teams and also in the management of people. There are many tools discussed above like Thomas Kilmann instrumental tool, ESCI, Johari window, etc that are very effective in nature. The applicability of the tools is also given so that the learners will have an overall knowledge of the same. In this study, there is an analysis is done with the respect of models of diagnose. It suggests that these models are applied to the managers so that competitiveness advantage can be achieved in order to achieve management teams. These tools provide strength in the management of the capabilities and abilities of the managers. These tools help to understand the various outlooks of the management of team like conflict management, relationship development and leadership. The most ineffective weakness of such tools is that they require a proper knowledge and skills in dealing with the same. For the personal development plan there is a need to manage small teams, try to act as a leader and play his role too, establishing positive relationships between the teams and groups, and the capability to manage conflicts. References Armstrong, TR 2006, 'Revisiting the Johari Window: Improving Communications through Self-Disclosure and Feedback', Human Development, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 10-14. Belbin, R, 2011, Management Teams: Why They Succeed or Fail, 3rd edn, Human Resource. Management International Digest, vol. 19, no. 3. Brounstein, M, 2016, Differences between work groups and teams, [Online], Accessed on: 13 October 2016, Available at: https://www.dummies.com/business/human-resources/employee-relations/differences-between-work-groups-and-teams/ Carpenter, M, Bauer, T, Erdogan, B, 2016, Managing groups and teams, [Online], Accessed on: 13 October 2016, Available at: https://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/5?e=carpenter-ch13 Coghlan, D 1994, Managing Organizational Change through Teams and Groups, Leadership Organization Development Journal, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 18 23. Griffin, R W, Phillips, J M and Gully, S M2016, Organizational Behaviour: Managing People and Organizations, 12th edn, Cengage Learning. Jehn, K A, Rispens, S and Thatcher, S M 2012, Managing Conflict in Groups and Teams: Conflict about Conflict, in Margaret A. Neale, Elizabeth A. Mannix (ed.) Looking Back, Moving Forward: A Review of Group and Team-Based Research (Research on Managing Groups and Teams, Volume 15) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.133 159 Levi, D. 2011, Group dynamics for teams, Los Angeles: SAGE, c2011. Neely, A. 2002, Business Performance Measurement: Theory and Practice, Cambridge University Press. Trippe, B, Baumoel, D 2015, 'Beyond the ThomasKilmann model: Into extreme conflict', Negotiation Journal, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 89-103 West, R and Turner, LH 2008, Understanding Interpersonal Communication: Making Choices in Changing Times, Cengage Learning.